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This article
could have been entitled "Aging: We All Do it, But Why?" Dr.
I.N. Love wrote about this subject in an article entitled,
"The Needs and Rights of Old Age" (JAMA, Nov. 29,1897). No,
the date of Dr. Love’s publication in the Journal of the American
Medical Association is not a misprint: it was published over
100 years ago about Sir George Humphrey’s research on centenarians,
that elite group of people who’ve made it to 100 years of
age. Sir George concluded that "The prime requisite is the
faculty of age in the blood by inheritance." And Dr. Love
added, that "While heredity is of importance, bear in mind
that the deficiencies of heredity can be made up by correct
living." That was pretty good advice then, and still is. However,
had Dr. Love and Sir George known, as we do today, about our
ribosomes and telomeres (more on these later) they might have
held a slightly different view of what could be done to prolong
your life.
The
Question?
Since
all living things age, the question is: Why and what can
we do about it?
People have been interested in the answer for as long
as human beings have been asking questions. So what do Baltimore,
MD, Cambridge, MA, Mankato, MN, and Houston, TX have to do
with this? In these cities, and in many others throughout
North America and the world, gerontologists (scientists who
study the aging process) are conducting research on why we
age. These scientists also want to know why we age differently,
and what can we learn from studying animals and older people
that can help you have a good old age.
While
there are many definitions and theories of aging, readers
can think of their own bodies as
becoming increasingly vulnerable to all sorts of stressors
from those things we inherit and from those things in the
environment to which we’re exposed.
Age
Related Changes
So
we’re not surprised when we turn 40 and our eyesight changes
enough for many to need reading glasses or contact lenses:
this is called presbyopia – the prefix "presby" meaning
old and the suffix "opia" referring to our eyes. Presbyopia
is one of those normal age-related changes not necessarily
caused by any one of a variety of diseases of the eye.
Other changes in the neurosensory system include hearing
loss (presbycusis) and varying degrees of memory impairment.
So if you forget where your car keys are, that’s OK; it’s
when you forget that you have a car, then you’ve got a problem.
But that’s not normal aging: that’s a dementia caused by
strokes, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological problems.
Immunity
We experience similar changes in our immune
systems, which can affect the extent to which we fight infectious
diseases. Our production of antibodies, those soldiers who
fight off invading microorganisms and even errant cells
that can become cancerous, is impaired with age.
When a young person gets the flu, they’re sick for a few
days and get better. For an older person, the flu can kill
you. So, just as we get immunizations against childhood
diseases like measles, mumps, chickenpox, etc, older people
need immunizations against influenza and pneumonia.
Chapter
1: The Enigma of Aging
Chapter
2: Processes of Aging
Chapter
3: Social & Psychological Aspects of Aging
Chapter
4: Research
Summary
References
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